Cross-Cultural Psychology Final Practice Exam

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• Which topic contrasts individualistic versus collectivistic cultures in terms of guiding principles?
• Which emotion is cited as differing across cultures in response to emotion-eliciting stimuli, with sadness being a notable example?
• Which term describes the period during which longevity may be enhanced by the knowledge of older group members?
• Which acculturation outcome involves maintaining identity and valuing relationships with others?
• Which bias reflects different psychological meaning across cultures?
• Which sex-role profile is characterized by high masculine and high feminine?
• Which stage emphasizes conforming to the expectations of others or society?
• What term describes the generic term for any challenge to the comparability of cross-cultural data?
• The attribute described as a set of skills enabling individuals to act purposefully, rationally, and adaptively in the environment is best represented by which term?
• The factors genetics, culture, environment, formal education, and SES influence which construct?
• Which term describes the shared meanings and information system that guides behavior and gives life meaning within a group?
• Out-group relationships are typically characterized by which of the following?
• Which concept describes evaluating other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture, often assuming the universality of one's norms?
• Which statement about adolescence notes that storm and stress depends on culture?
• Which trait is associated with being organized, reliable, and goal-directed?
• Universality in expressive behavior is the idea that which statement is true?
• Which bias describes researchers' influence on data collection through instruction or interaction?
• Which personality is described as indulging in dependency and interpersonal relationships?
• Which type of love is characterized by the honeymoon phase and thought to be universal?
• The term stereotype is best described as which of the following?
• Which theorist is associated with learning through interactions with more competent members of society?
• Facial expressions of emotion are influenced by universal biology and culturally learned display rules. Which term best captures this idea?
• What term means a stored framework or body of knowledge about a topic?
• Which term denotes the biological differences between men and women?
• With aging, which cognitive trend is typical?
• Which statement questions the universality of adolescence?
• Which type of attribution locates the cause of a behavior outside a person?
• Which term describes stereotypes prevalent in collectivist cultures?
• Which concept captures uncertainty about how to relate to out-groups?
• Which phrase describes the view of adolescence as a turbulent period, as proposed by Stanley Hall?
• The probability that A comes from B is determined by how well A resembles properties of B, which heuristic describes this?
• Which term refers to the process of inferring the causes of events or behaviors?
• Which trait is most associated with reliability and organizational discipline?
• Which trait includes persistence, goal-directed behavior, dependency, self-discipline, and dutifulness?
• What term describes developing a cross-cultural instrument by collecting data from multiple cultures and retaining only the items that are common across cultures?
• Which term refers to the effect of interviewer demographics on respondents' answers?
• What is the term for a person whose gender identity does not match their biological sex assignment?
• Which term describes knowledge gained from education and experience, used as a store of general knowledge?
• Which term describes having both high masculine and high feminine traits, irrespective of gender identity?
• Which system includes environments like a parent's workplace that influence development indirectly?
• Which bias is the systematic tendency to give answers that make you look good?
• In the general model of emotion elicitation, what sequence describes progression from stimulus to emotion?
• What term refers to the way of life within a particular culture; a group defined by race/ethnicity, gender, disability, religion, or sexual orientation?
• Which trait includes compassion, sensitivity, warmth, altruism, and trust?
• In passionate love, which neural pattern is observed?
• Which instrument measures masculine and feminine sex roles, including categories such as masculine, feminine, and androgynous?
• Which concept is most associated with sharper ingroup/outgroup distinctions due to beliefs about group differences?
• Which hypothesis suggests that when individuals and societies feel secure in their own cultural identities and roles, more positive mutual relations result?
• Which trait is associated with emotional instability, anxiety, and hostility?
• What term refers to the expected behaviors, traits, and actions that men and women perform as defined by culture?
• Which term captures the idea of maintaining diverse cultures within a single society while promoting participation in daily life and institutions?
• Which term describes the notion that measures of interval or ratio scales have the same unit of measurement but different origins?
• Which stage of moral development is defined by abiding by rules to avoid punishment and to gain rewards?
• What does the material say about universal emotions?
• Which cultural orientation emphasizes sacrificing personal goals for the in-group and cooperating to maintain harmony?
• Which research design uses pre-existing groups and looks at differences between them, without random assignment?
• Which emotional dimension is associated with Australian fathers in the material?
• According to general development, by preschool age children express basic emotions. Which option reflects this?
• Which term describes the process of learning the norms and behaviors of one's own culture?
• Which concept is associated with a collectivist orientation, emphasizing relational obligations and group goals?
• Which term best describes strong affection and preoccupation with love, including an idealized partner?
• Which term means that scales have the same measurement unit and the same origins?
• Which dimension describes a relationship-oriented society with external regulation of behavior and strict norms?
• Which self-construal describes individuals as part of a larger social unit, with identity contingent on relationships with in-group members?
• Which dimension emphasizes caring, nurturing, gender equality, and flexible gender roles?
• Which term accounts for the persistence of stereotypes over time in a collectivist culture?
• In cross-cultural perspectives on love, which of the following is considered an explicit expression of love?
• The prevalence of Western models in magazines is described as being present in which contexts?
• Which term describes the tendency to recognize emotions more accurately within one’s own culture?
• Which term captures acceptance of significant inequality in power and status?
• Which statement best describes monogamy?
• Which Piaget stage, usually from about seven to twelve years, is characterized by thinking governed by logic?
• Which theory posits that traits arise from the roles individuals play in society and adapt to changing social environments?
• What term describes the process by which people make moral decisions and justify these decisions regardless of the content?
• Which arrangement describes one man with multiple wives?
• Which term names the culturally learned norms that govern how emotions should be displayed, including context-based variations?
• Which dimension describes a culture that plans for the future, respects tradition, and prioritizes saving money?
• Which term means that the same theoretical construct is measured in each culture?
• Which sex-role profile is characterized by high masculine and low feminine?
• Which term describes an individual who is not recognized as a member of a group with which they identify?
• Which term best describes the task of understanding why data were non-equivalent across cultures?
• Which category in Maslow's hierarchy represents basic physiological needs such as food, water, and shelter?
• Which term refers to the internal sense of one's gender identity?
• Which term means there are no cross-cultural comparisons?
• Which statement best captures gender differences in perceptions of love?
• Which option best describes explicit versus implicit expressions of love?
• Tacit knowledge is best illustrated by which example?
• Which concept captures the degree to which someone feels aligned with and part of their cultural group, often impacting behavior?
• Which concept describes the ability to recognize emotions more accurately within one's own culture?
• Which threat refers to real conflict over resources between groups?
• Which term describes the biological and social dimensions of fatherhood?
• In social psychology, which term describes a cognitive structure containing knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about a human group?
• Which term denotes the tendency for stereotypes to remain stable within a culture?
• Which statement best reflects cross-cultural universality of the Big Five?
• Which population is described as having worse health and happiness and lower education and income in gender-inequality contexts?
• Which threat type concerns competition over tangible resources such as jobs or housing rather than beliefs?
• Which concept involves back translation or similar methods to achieve linguistic equivalence across languages?
• Which system involves links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context, such as neighbors, mass media, and industry?
• Which term describes the tendency to recognize emotions better from one’s own culture than from other cultures?
• Which bias refers to the tendency to agree with statements?
• The phrase 'man with wife' represents which relationship pattern?
• Which term describes the gender with which a person identifies?
• Which explanation attributes gender differences to the adoption of gender roles in society?
• During adolescence, which development involves brain restructuring for planning, executive control, and pleasure?
• Which concept describes the learner's ability to perform a task with guidance or collaboration but not independently?
• What are the inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviors called?
• Which cultural orientation emphasizes personal goals, independence, and the primacy of the individual over the group?
• The concept describing immigrants' adoption of mainstream culture and maintenance of heritage culture is called:
• Which model of self holds that identity is derived from inner attributes that reflect the unique essence and remain stable across situations and life span?
• What cognitive bias describes attributing personal successes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
• Which concept assesses whether a test measures the intended construct across cultures?
• Which emotion is noted as showing cultural differences in stimulus?
• Which term means feeling an emotion but not showing how you feel?
• Which term describes a culture that prioritizes group goals over individual goals?
• Which term refers to a generalized belief about a group that can influence expectations of individual members?
• Which bias arises from instrument characteristics like stimulus familiarity and response styles?
• Which concept best captures forming impressions of others based on appearance and personality traits?
• Which term refers to knowledge about sequences of actions and events used in social situations?
• Which of the following best illustrates an implicit expression of love?
• Which physiological change is explicitly mentioned as occurring in adolescence?
• Which term describes the degree to which a person embraces the sex roles typically expected for their sex?
• Which approach studies psychological processes that are universal or common across cultures by examining behavior from outside the culture?
• Which issue concerns the overall quality of the questionnaire used in cross-cultural studies?
• Which concept describes the belief in a deep essence driving group differences?
• Which term denotes a stored framework or knowledge base that can be drawn upon when interpreting new information about a topic?
• Which concept defines how power and status are distributed and perceived within a society?
• Which type of relationships is described as sacrificing personal wants for the in-group and prioritizing group harmony?
• Which term describes groups that are not the in-group and are treated with less time or concern?
• Fluid intelligence is best described as which of the following?
• Relationships that lack familiarity, intimacy, and trust describe which category?
• The description 'acting in environment; good sense, act purposefully, rationally, adaptive, set of skills' best defines which construct?
• Which term is used to describe the turbulent phase in adolescence described by Stanley Hall?
• What term describes expressing more than you actually feel?
• In Bronfenbrenner's theory, which system includes the larger external context such as laws and cultural values?
• What term describes the level of comparability of scores across cultures, aiming to measure the same phenomena in the same way on sample people as much as possible?
• Which concept refers to the thought to originate from need to keep track of various groups?
• What term is used for a period of great change in development?
• Which of the following groups are included in discussions of acculturation research? Which best description?
• Which concept states that constructs are not equivalent across cultures?
• Western beauty types in magazines are typically associated with which characteristic?
• Which term describes the compilation of a new instrument to maximize cultural suitability for the instrument?
• What is the purpose of the Bem Sex Role Inventory?
• Which threat is defined by conflicts over values and beliefs between groups?
• The term used to describe the elevation of women's status in certain historical contexts is:
• Which system describes the culture in which individuals live, including the attitudes and ideologies of that culture?
• In personality research, which direction is most commonly reported for gender differences in neuroticism?
• Which statement best captures Russian fathers' described role in the material?
• Which attachment style is associated with staying close to the caregiver and distressed by separation?
• Regarding gender differences in agreeableness, research findings are best described as
• Which statement reflects universality in recognizing facial expressions across cultures?
• Which term is used to describe the degree of belonging to a culture and identifying with it?
• In Kohlberg's moral development framework, which level focuses on social approval and obedience to authority?
• Asian beauty types are described as including which feature?
• Which statement best captures the notion of basic emotion theory?
• Which term describes the thought process of making these judgments about group members?
• Which concept includes the view that there are three aspects of multiculturalism and differential endorsement by dominant and non-dominant groups?
• Which feature is listed as part of the conditions under which intergroup contact reduces prejudice?
• Which cultural orientation is typically associated with having fewer in-groups and emphasizing individual autonomy?
• Which trait is typically linked to organization, dependability, and goal-directed behavior?
• If a trait shows a consistent advantage for women in neuroticism, which statement would describe that finding?
• Which term means showing an emotion when you don't really feel it?
• Which term refers to knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experience?
• Which factor is included as an influence on intelligence?
• Which option best represents the comprehensive components of an emotion in a broad model?
• Which term describes the relative stability of stereotypes within a collectivist culture?
• What is the term for longevity linked to wisdom from older group members?
• Which term describes ensuring cross-cultural comparisons are valid by aligning both language and concept measures?
• Which perspective posits psychological processes that are universal across cultures and studies behavior from outside the culture, applying criteria considered absolute or universal?
• Which concept is described as focusing on traits, discrete and separate from culture, and treated as a dependent variable?
• Which acculturation outcome involves maintaining identity, but not value relationships with others?
• Which issue concerns the inadequacy of representative sampling across cultures?
• Which perspectives are included to explain cross-cultural universality of the Big Five?
• Which orientation emphasizes preserving face, fulfilling social obligations, and prioritizing quick results and leisure?
• Which term best describes the behavior of treating people differently solely based on group membership?
• Which bias represents the general category that encompasses sampling, structural, or administration problems in research design?
• Which trio is often highlighted as core dimensions for social functioning in cross-cultural models?
• Which emotion, besides anger, is noted as showing cultural differences in stimulus?
• In sociocultural theory, what term refers to a person with higher ability who provides guidance to a learner?
• Which statement best captures the cross-cultural view of facial expressions of emotion?
• Which bias is associated with problems arising from instrument characteristics such as stimulus familiarity and response styles?
• Which theory or model organizes human needs into a ranked hierarchy that includes physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization?
• What does the in-group heterogeneity effect describe?
• Which term refers to one man for multiple wives?
• Which term describes the process of forming impressions of others based on appearance, attractiveness, personality traits?
• Which Piaget stage, starting around age twelve, is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically?
• Which theory explains how people learn gendered behaviors through socialization?
• In a study, when alone, Americans and Japanese showed disgust; when with an experimenter, Americans still showed disgust but Japanese smiled. Which description matches this finding?
• What is the primary adaptive purpose of emotions?
• Which term is associated with a preference for clear rules and belief in objective truth?
• What term describes developing instruments independently within each culture and then applying them across cultures?
• Which description best fits field research conducted in natural settings, where interpretation by the researcher and unstructured data collection are common, often labeled non-experimental?
• Which term describes the delay between a group's social role changes and updating stereotypes?
• Which term describes how the sexual behavior of a group is structured?
• Which theory outlines stages of moral development with pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels?
• Which concept emphasizes maintaining cultural diversity and ensuring full and equitable participation in daily life and institutions?
• What term describes explaining the behaviors of others using internal attributions, but using external attributions to explain one's own behavior?
• What term describes a cognitive structure that includes a perceiver's knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about a social group?
• Which arrangement describes one woman with multiple husbands?
• What term describes a unique meaning and information system shared by a group and transmitted across generations that allows the group to meet basic survival needs, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life?
• Which term describes the measurement equivalence where interval scales have the same unit of measurement across cultures, though origins may differ?
• In face recognition across cultures, Western cultures tend to focus on which facial features?
• Which term describes instrument choices in cross-cultural studies, such as using an instrument in the target language to maximize opportunities for statistical comparisons?
• Which bias describes the prohibition of cross-cultural comparisons due to methodological differences?
• Using one's own culture as the standard for evaluating others is known as which concept?
• Which concept refers to social categories of men and women differentiated by psychological characteristics or role expectations?
• Which statement about gaze and beauty in magazines is supported by the material?
• Which idea is most closely associated with explaining gender differences as a result of cultural and socialization processes?
• Which attachment style is described as being calm and comforted by a stranger?
• Which term refers to the behavioral aspect of male parenting?
• Which attachment style is marked by anxiety when the caregiver leaves and avoidance upon return?
• Which term means to use only equivalent data to address cross-cultural differences?
• Which dimension emphasizes ambition, wealth, and strict gender roles?
• Which concept historically described the elevation of a woman's status in certain literary and cultural traditions?
• What term describes individuals who are kept at distance and are not considered members of one's own group?
• Which term describes scales that have the same measurement unit and the same origin across cultures?
• In the magazine context, Western models are described as being prevalent in which magazines?
• Which perspective studies psychological processes that differ across cultures (for example, individualistic vs collectivist) by examining behavior from within a single culture and focusing on internal characteristics?
• Which term describes the behavioral aspect of male parental activity?
• What term refers to the rules on how emotional expressions are recognized by observers?
• What term describes an affectionate bond formed between individuals across time and space?
• Which ecological system level includes broad cultural patterns, beliefs, and values that influence a population?
• The descriptors 'biological and social' are typically applied to which parental role?
• Which term denotes explaining a behavior by internal characteristics or dispositions?
• What term describes expressing less than what you actually feel?
• Which bias makes it difficult to gather similar samples across cultures?
• Which self-construal emphasizes relational context and social roles rather than viewing the self as independent?
• Frequent interaction with someone and being a member of the same social group helps define which relational category?
• In magazine imagery, which pattern is associated with Asian beauty types regarding gaze?
• The two-dimensional space used to represent emotions vertically uses which pair?
• In openness to experience, which gender difference is reported?
• Which term describes a culture in which all family members follow group norms and strive to remain part of a harmonious group?
• Which dimension is associated with happiness, perceived control, and lenient norms?
• Which acculturation outcome involves valuing relationships with others but abandoning old identity?
• Which term is used to study personality across cultures?
• In the horizontal circumplex model mentioned, which two dimensions are used?
• The concept of beauty types described as classic/feminine, exotic and trendy refers to which idea?
• Which term describes the belief that stereotyping is more malleable?
• Which emotion is listed among the basic emotions alongside joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust?
• In the vertical circumplex model described, which pair of dimensions is used?
• High levels of individualism can what impact on relationships and love?
• Which term describes having low masculine and low feminine traits?
• Which condition among the listed features is described as reducing prejudice through contact?
• The overarching model used to study adaptation to multiple cultural environments is called:
• What is the term for the tendency to view one's own group members as more diverse than members of other groups?
• Which term describes stereotypes that are common in collectivist cultures?
• Which topic addresses the tendency to generalize across cultures?
• Which term is defined by a collectivist orientation and group-focused motives, loyalty, and group goal importance?
• Which concept is defined as the social aspects of being male or female that include expectations, roles, and norms?
• Which term refers to the rules for interpreting emotional expressions?
• Which statement best describes acculturation in cross-cultural psychology?
• According to the general model of emotion elicitation, which statement describes development by preschool?
• Which term denotes the overarching idea of how cultures may be compared on shared constructs to ensure comparability across studies?
• In the described conceptualization of paternal roles, which factor is cited as contributing to the absence of family bonds?
• One view attributes gender differences in conscientiousness to which of the following?
• Which term denotes the lag in updating stereotypes after social change?
• Which term denotes a focus on traits and being discrete from culture as a dependent variable?
• Which of the following is NOT a mating pattern described in cross-cultural studies?
• Which term describes the interconnections between microsystems, such as the relationship between the family and teachers?
• Which item is listed as a factor of fatherhood in cross-cultural studies?
• Which attribute is described for Brazilian fathers in the material?
• In cross-cultural emotion research, which statement is an example of a study using literate participants viewing facial expressions?
• Which orientation emphasizes long-term planning, perseverance, and saving over quick rewards?
• Which group is described as having recent immigration from Asia?
• Which theory asserts that basic emotions are universal and biologically based?
• Which term refers to the combination of social roles and group categories to which a person belongs, along with the personal meanings attached to them?
• The probability that A comes from B can be inferred by how well A resembles B's properties, which heuristic is this?
• Which term describes a focus on interpersonal relatedness?
• Which term describes stereotypes that are characteristic of collectivist cultures?
• Which type of attribution specifies the cause of a behavior within a person?
• Which approach emphasizes measurement with a focus on numerical data, where the dependent variable is typically a behavioral measure?
• Which bias is the systematic tendency to respond in certain ways to survey questions?
• Which concept is defined as being focused on interpersonal relatedness within a culture?
• Which term names the cross-cultural measurement concept that ensures the same theoretical construct is measured across cultures?
• In Bronfenbrenner's model, which system is the broader social and cultural context that influences development?
• Which term refers to the approach that combines close translation of some stimuli and changes to others when translation would be inadequate, to maximize ecological validity?
• Which set of relationships is characterized by familiarity, intimacy, trust, and shared experiences within a group?
• What is the term for the onset of menstruation?
• Which statement about cross-cultural findings of universal traits is supported?
• In a collectivist culture, what term describes the relative stability of stereotypes?
• Which Big Five trait is defined as positive emotion, sociability, outgoingness, and seeking stimulating social environments?
• An individual's distinct pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives and behavior defines what?
• What term refers to widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group?
• Which bias describes the tendency to agree with statements?
• What is a central claim about the Big Five across cultures?
• Which concept describes the idea that stereotyping is more malleable?
• Which emotion is listed among the basic emotions in the material?
• In collectivist cultures, people are more willing to sacrifice personal goals for the group.
• Which concept describes the possibility for an individual to know two different cultures and adjust behavior to fit different social contexts?
• Which term refers to one woman for multiple husbands?
• Which Big Five trait is most strongly associated with cooperative behavior, kindness, and trusting others?
• Which concept describes evaluating other cultures by the standards of one's own culture, often implying that one's own culture is superior?
• Which explanation attributes gender differences to biology rather than socialization?
• Which stage is based on individual principles and conscience?
• Which dimension highlights nurturing, gender equality, and flexible gender roles?
• Which pattern is attributed to Russian fathers in the material?
• Which term refers to a group that shares a particular way of life or set of practices within a broader culture, such as a distinct language or set of norms?
• Which pattern is most associated with collectivist cultures, highlighting sacrifice for the group and harmony within the group?
• Which bias occurs when researchers influence data collection through instruction, interaction or communication issues?
• Which hypothesis asserts that confidence in one's cultural identity leads to more positive intergroup relations?
• Storm and Stress as a concept originates from which psychologist?
• Which sex-role profile is characterized by low masculine and low feminine?
• What sequence best captures the typical progression of emotional expression in early childhood?
• Which concept involves ensuring that surveys or questions measure what they intend to measure in the same way across cultures?
• Traditional views on sex, love, and age tended to assign which of the following?
• Which term describes a person who has higher ability and provides guidance during a task?
• Which concept includes geographical location, history, family characteristics, economic factors, work-related conditions, societal norms and values, ethnic groupings, and immigration/emigration?
• Which theorist proposed that thinking skills develop over time through interaction with the environment?
• Which concept describes the degree to which a person considers themselves part of a particular culture?
• Which topic is associated with contrasting cultural values in terms of guiding principles, as described in cross-cultural psychology?
• Which term refers to the set of activities deemed appropriate for men and women in a given culture?
• Which concept describes stereotypes that are more readily applied in collectivist cultures?
• Which attachment style involves staying close to the caregiver and becoming stressed when separated?
• Egocentrism and the use of symbols in early childhood are characteristic of which Piaget stage?
• Which term describes activities of men and women necessary to make babies?
• Why is the Big Five widely used in cross-cultural psychology?
• Which term captures the delay in updating stereotypes after social changes?
• Which statement best summarizes basic emotion theory?
• Which bias would most likely threaten cross-cultural comparability by items being interpreted differently across cultures?
• Which study provided strong cross-cultural support for universal emotion expressions by showing that two cultures watched the same film and displayed identical expressions at the same time?
• Which acculturation strategy emphasizes maintaining heritage culture while engaging with the host culture?
• What is the term for bringing people from different groups together to learn about each other and reduce prejudice?
• Which concept describes development as the result of ongoing interactions between the individual and their environment, often depicted as nested systems?
• What is discrimination?
• In Bronfenbrenner's model, which system accounts for interactions between a child's immediate settings, such as family and school?
• Which theory posits four nested environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem?
• Which Piaget stage, typically from ages two to six, involves language development, symbol use, egocentrism, and conservation of liquid/objects?
• What term describes the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than members of one's in-group?
• In gender-inequality countries, which description best matches the health, happiness, and education outcomes for women?
• A description that women are guided by emotions and men are guided by reason when explaining gender differences in extraversion represents which type of account?
• Which concept reflects tolerance for uncertainty and risk aversion levels?
• Which statement about the origins of conscientiousness differences is supported by the material?
• Which acculturation outcome involves not valuing identity, or relationships with others?
• Which culture-difference example describes emotion stimuli where the US emphasizes death and physical separation and Japan emphasizes relationship problems?
• Which term is used for the belief that members of a group share certain characteristics?
• Which Piaget stage corresponds to birth through about two years, characterized by coordinating sensory and motor skills and developing object permanence?
• Which culture-specific concept relates to jiva, bliss, intellect, sensory function, breath of life, and body?
• In-group relationships are typically associated with which feature?
• What term refers to the immediate environments that directly impact a child's development (family, school, religious institutions, neighborhood, and peers)?
• Which set lists the six basic emotions commonly identified in emotion research?
• Which area of psychology studies gender differences in personality across cultures and contexts?
• Which sex-role profile is characterized by low masculine and high feminine?
• Which type of love is described as intense, short-lived passion and arousal and is often contrasted with long-term affection?
• What is the process called when people adopt a different cultural system?
• Which model organizes affect along two dimensions, typically valence and arousal?